Electrifying

You know me, always interested in science and weather-related articles are no exception. The following is from Spaceweather.com, and I learned something new.

Space Weather News for June 18, 2024 https://spaceweather.com https://www.spaceweatheralerts.com THE MAY 10TH SUPERSTORM ELECTRIFIED EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE: The geomagnetic superstorm of May 10, 2024, did more than spark widespread auroras. New data show that it also electrified Earth’s atmosphere. Fair weather electric fields jumped as much as 15% for four days after the storm. Solar flare alerts: Sign up for Space Weather Alerts to receive instant text messages when strong solar flares are underway

Above: These data show how fair weather electric fields increased for 4 days after the onset of the May 10th superstorm. Credit: Prof. Gang Li, UAH

SUPERSTORM ZAPS THE GLOBAL ELECTRIC CIRCUIT: The geomagnetic superstorm of May 10, 2024, did more than spark some of the best auroras in 500 years. It also electrified our planet.

“Our sensors measured a significant change in atmospheric electricity,” reports Prof. Gang Li, a space physicist at the University of Alabama. “Earth’s entire global electrical circuit was affected by the storm.”

Credit: K. A. Nicoll’s 2014 review paper “Space Weather influences on Atmospheric Electricity” [ref]

Yes, Earth has a “global electrical circuit.” It is created by thunderstorms, which build up a charge difference between the ground and the ionosphere 50 km overhead. There are about 40,000 thunderstorms per day all over the Earth, and we can think of them as batteries pumping the electricity to the top of the atmosphere. The resulting voltage drop is a staggering 250,000 volts.

On its own, air is not a great conductor of electricity. However, cosmic rays from deep space ionize our atmosphere, creating just enough conductivity for currents to flow in response to those 250,000 volts. The very air you breath is thus electrified.

In April 2024, Li and colleagues published a paper in the journal Space Weather about solar storms and the global electric circuit. They described how CMEs approaching Earth sweep aside cosmic rays, decreasing their intensity. This is called a “Forbush Decrease,” named after American physicist Scott Forbush who studied cosmic rays in the early 20th century. During a Forbush Decrease, fewer cosmic rays are available to ionize Earth’s atmosphere; this, in turn, changes the conductivity of the entire global electrical circuit. Li’s team found that large Forbush Decreases boosted electric fields in the atmosphere.

The CME that hit Earth on May 10, 2024, caused a very large Forbush Decrease. “It was a boon to our research,” says Li.

Li and colleagues checked two electric field monitoring stations at the CASLEO observatory in Argentina–a site they often use to monitor the global electrical circuit. During the May 10th superstorm, electric fields jumped 10% to 15%, an increase that lasted for more than four days. “This is in good accord with what we would have predicted based on our paper,” he says.

Such changes in atmospheric electricity can affect many things ranging from the probability of rain and lightning to the flight paths of ballooning spiders, which ride electric fields through the air. Indeed, arachnids may have known of this phenomenon all along, but humans are only learning about it now. Read Li’s original research here.